Braze alloys made by Indium Corporation. For comments or questions about the content on this page, please contact: Bernard Leavitt. Product Specialist, High- Temperature Applications bleavitt@indium. From One Engineer to Another. By using our website, you agree to the placement of cookies on your device. Nitrogen is a common normally colourless, odourless, tasteless and mostly diatomic non-metal gas. It has five electrons in its outer shell, so it is. Indium-111 is an isotope of indium with a radioactive half-life of 2.80 days, making it useful as a radioactive tracer. It is made for this use by the Nordion(Canada. Read more about our use of cookies here. Kids learn about naming chemical compounds in chemistry including conventions, order of the elements, metals, non-metals, acids, and examples on naming.![]() Indium - Wikipedia. Indium, 4. 9In. General properties. Name, symbolindium, In. Pronunciation. IN- dee- . It is a post- transition metal that makes up 0. Earth's crust. Very soft and malleable, indium has a melting point higher than sodium and gallium, but lower than lithium and tin. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium, and it is largely intermediate between the two in terms of its properties. They named it for the indigo blue line in its spectrum. Indium was isolated the next year. Indium is a minor component in zinc sulfide ores and is produced as a byproduct of zinc refinement. It is most notably used in the semiconductor industry, in low- melting- point metal alloys such as solders, in soft- metal high- vacuum seals, and in the production of transparent conductive coatings of indium tin oxide (ITO) on glass. Indium has no biological role, though its compounds are somewhat toxic when injected into the bloodstream. Most occupational exposure is through ingestion, from which indium compounds are not absorbed well, and inhalation, from which they are moderately absorbed. Properties. It also leaves a visible line on paper. Like tin, a high- pitched cry is heard when indium is bent – a crackling sound due to crystal twinning. Like both, indium has a low melting point, 1. Below the critical temperature, 3. K, indium becomes a superconductor. At standard temperature and pressure, indium crystallizes in the face- centered tetragonal crystal system in the space group. I4/mmm (lattice parameters: a = 3. However it does have a size effect in bending and indentation, associated to a length- scale of order 5. In compounds, indium most commonly donates the three outermost electrons to become indium(III), In. In some cases, the pair of 5s- electrons are not donated, resulting in indium(I), In+. The stabilization of the monovalent state is attributed to the inert pair effect, in which relativistic effects stabilize the 5s- orbital, observed in heavier elements. Thallium (indium's heavier homolog) shows an even stronger effect, causing oxidation to thallium(I) to be more probable than to thallium(III). Thus, although thallium(III) is a moderately strong oxidizing agent, indium(III) is not, and many indium(I) compounds are powerful reducing agents. It does not form a boride, silicide, or carbide, and the hydride In. H3 has at best a transitory existence in ethereal solutions at low temperatures, being unstable enough to spontaneously polymerize without coordination. Only two isotopes occur naturally as primordial nuclides: indium- 1. Indium is one of three known elements (the others being tellurium and rhenium) of which the stable isotope is less abundant in nature than the long- lived primordial radioisotopes. All other isotopes have half- lives shorter than 5 hours. Indium also has 4. All decay by isomeric transition. The indium isotopes lighter than 1. In predominantly decay through electron capture or positron emission to form cadmium isotopes, while the other indium isotopes from 1. In and greater predominantly decay through beta minus decay to form tin isotopes. Indium reacts with water to reproduce soluble indium(III) hydroxide, which is also amphoteric; with alkalis to produce indates(III); and with acids to produce indium(III) salts: In(OH)3 + 3 HCl . Chlorination, bromination, and iodination of In produce colorless In. Cl. 3, In. Br. 3, and yellow In. I3. The compounds are Lewis acids, somewhat akin to the better known aluminium trihalides. Again like the related aluminium compound, In. F3 is polymeric. Many of them slowly decompose in moist air, necessitating careful storage of semiconductor compounds to prevent contact with the atmosphere. Indium nitride is readily attacked by acids and alkalis. The chloride, bromide, and iodide are deeply colored, unlike the parent trihalides from which they are prepared. The fluoride is known only as an unstable gaseous compound. Usually such materials feature In–In bonding, most notably in the halides In. X4 and . Most are In(III) derivatives, but cyclopentadienylindium(I) is an exception. It was the first known organoindium(I) compound. They dissolved the minerals pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena and sphalerite in hydrochloric acid and distilled raw zinc chloride. Reich, who was color- blind, employed Richter as an assistant for detecting the colored spectral lines. Knowing that ores from that region sometimes contain thallium, they searched for the green thallium emission spectrum lines. Instead, they found a bright blue line. Because that blue line did not match any known element, they hypothesized a new element was present in the minerals. They named the element indium, from the indigo color seen in its spectrum, after the Latin indicum. When a silver- 1. Capturing further neutrons, it becomes cadmium- 1. This explains why the radioactive isotope is more abundant than the stable one. Two such are dzhalindite (In(OH)3) and indite (Fe. In. 2S4). The indium is leached from slag and dust of zinc production. Further purification is done by electrolysis. South American Silver Corporation's Malku Khota property in Bolivia is a large resource of indium with an indicated resource of 1,4. Worldwide production in 2. According to the UNEP, indium's end- of- life recycling rate is less than 1%. Individual transistors are seen as white dots in the bottom part. In 1. 92. 4, indium was found to have a valued property of stabilizing non- ferrous metals, and that became the first significant use for the element. In the 1. 95. 0s, tiny beads of indium were used for the emitters and collectors of PNP alloy- junction transistors. In the middle and late 1. LCD) aroused much interest. By 1. 99. 2, the thin- film application had become the largest end use. The infrared radiation is reflected back into the lamp, which increases the temperature within the tube and improves the performance of the lamp. Some indium compounds, such as indium antimonide and indium phosphide. In a similar way to aluminium salts, indium(III) ions can be toxic to the kidney when given by injection. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0. Bibcode: 1. 98. 9Metro. M. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(PDF) (8. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: A Ready- reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Lexicon der chemischen Elemente (in German). Lange's handbook of chemistry (Fifteenth edition). Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. P.; Chen, X.; Pathan, M. Materials Science and Engineering: A. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (9. Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth- Heinemann. Haynes, William M., ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (9. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Audi, Georges; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A. Atomic Mass Data Center. Bibcode: 2. 00. 3Nu. Ph. A. 7. 29.. 3. A. Retrieved 2. 1 June 2. Chemistry of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium. Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. Sinclair, Ian; Worrall, Ian J. Canadian Journal of Chemistry. Beck, Horst Philipp; Wilhelm, Doris (1. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. Angewandte Chemie (in German). R.; Fettinger J. C.; Blom R. Journal of Crystal Growth. Bibcode: 2. 00. 3JCr. Gr. 2. 48.. 9. 1S. Journal of Crystal Growth. Bibcode: 2. 00. 4JCr. Gr. 2. 72. 6. 03. S. 2. 44^ ab. Weeks, Mary Elvira (1. Some Spectroscopic Studies. Journal of Chemical Education. Bibcode: 1. 93. 2JCh. Ed.. 9. 1. 41. 3W. Indium: Geology, Mineralogy, and Economics. ISBN 9. 78- 3- 5. Straniero: Neutron Capture in Low- Mass Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars: Cross Sections and Abundance Signatures. In: The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. Yates: Nucleosynthesis in the Cd- In- Sn region. In: The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. Retrieved 2. 1 June 2. Archived from the original on 9 March 2. The Canadian Mineralogist. United States Geological Survey. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 2. 0 June 2. EU PV Conference, Milan, Italy. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2. December 2. 00. 8. Geological Survey – Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States; INDIUM STATISTICS // USGS, April 1, 2. Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries.^. South American Silver Corp. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved August 2, 2. Retrieved 1. 6 January 2. Journal of Chemical Education. Bibcode: 1. 93. 4JCh. Ed. 1. 1. 2. 70. F. United States Geological Survey. Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 7. Nanotechnology News Archive. Archived from the original on October 1. Annual Review of Materials Science. Bibcode: 1. 98. 1An. RMS. 1. 1. 4. 41. B. Journal of Crystal Growth. Bibcode: 2. 00. 4JCr. Gr. 2. 72. 6. 03. S. Light- Emitting Diodes. Cambridge University Press. Bibcode: 2. 00. 0TSF.. P. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 1. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. Minerals Yearbook, 2. V. 1, Metals and Minerals. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Journal of Dental Research. Mercury, cadmium, lead: handbook for sustainable heavy metals policy and regulation. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Practical applications of neutron radiography and gaging: a symposium. British Journal of Experimental Pathology. M.; Qu, W.; Bousquet, R. W.; Price, H.; Shines, C. Toxicological Sciences. Retrieved 2. 3 September 2. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (4th ed.). ISBN 9. 78- 0- 1.
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